<p>Historic Seaside Village Co-operative encompasses a primarily residential area in the South End of Bridgeport, Connecticut. It is bounded on the east by Iranistan Avenue, the north by South Avenue, the south by Forest Court and by the west by Alsace Street. The property consists of a densely built collection of brick rowhouses, arranged in irregular combinations. The village was developed during World War I to alleviate a housing shortage caused by an influx of workers hired to work in the city&#39;s munitions factories. It is a good example of an early government-funded project of this type, and was a collaborative design effort by R. Clipston Sturgis, Skinner & Walker, and Arthur Shurtleff.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Seaside Village was built by the federal government in response to the housing problem for factory workers in World War I. Bridgeport manufacturers had expanded their factories, but were unable to maximize production due to a lack of adequate housing for workers.</p><br>
<p>At first, Bridgeport manufacturers attempted to take on the housing issue themselves. They wanted to attract workers to Bridgeport, not just for the short-term war needs, but for the future of the city, and therefore chose to build quality housing. They chose to set a high standard for housing by creating the most desirable model of American working class housing. They hired the best architect and the best town planner in the country – Mr. R. Clipston Sturgis of Boston, as the architect, and Mr. Andrew Shurleff of Boston, as the town planner. The local housing authority built some housing initially in the Lordship section of Stratford and in the Grasmere section of Fairfield, but could not build housing fast enough to meet the needs of the war effort.</p><br>
<p>The federal government stepped in to help Bridgeport and other cities across the country. Congress authorized and funded the United States Housing Corporation (USHC) in July 1918 with $100 million in capital. The Director of USHC&#39;s town planning division was Frederick Law Olmsted Jr., whose father designed Central Park and Seaside Park.</p><br>
<p>Seaside Village was built in approximately 90 days, starting in late October 1918 and ending in early March 1919. 377 homes were planned, but only 257 were built due to the end of the war shortly after construction began.</p><br>
<p>Seaside Village began as rentals for factory workers and their families, but became owner-occupied by 1955, when 90% of the tenants agreed to become part of cooperative housing. Whereas most federally funded housing projects have come and gone, including Marina Village, across the street which was built in the 1940s for WWII factory workers, Seaside Village remains a successful model for a high-density urban community to this day.</p><br>
<p>Seaside Village is on the National Register of Historic Places due to its architecture, community planning, and social history. It became one of the first collaborations of city planners, architects, and landscape designers in creating a comprehensive approach to community planning. It is cited in architectural textbooks and is of great interest to architectural historians due to the precedents it set for later development, its aesthetics, its sustainability, and desirability as a place to live.</p><br>
<h2>Early history of Seaside Village</h2><br>
<p>From 1914 to 1916, the population grew from 115,000 to 175,000 as Bridgeport factories supplied European countries and the USA with war-related products. By 1918, Bridgeport had over $60 million in work contracts for the federal government for the war effort. Remington Arms alone produced 50 percent of the USA Army&#39;s small-arms cartridges and employed 17,000 laborers.</p><br>
<p>The manufacturers had expanded their factories, however they were unable to meet production quotas due to a severe lack of adequate housing for the workers. The housing shortage was so severe that workers were buying train tickets and sleeping in the railway terminal, renting eight hour shifts in rooming houses to sleep, and the City even considered building massive tents for housing up to 10 families.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the housing shortage, the facilities that housed the workers and their families were inadequate. Tenements, the primary housing for factory workers and their families were dark, often windowless, with a central shaft for ventilation. They were also unsanitary, ugly, flammable, and miserable to live in. The cost of real estate had soared, so buying a home was out of reach of the working class. There was an urgent need for quality rentals to attract and retain workers in the factories.</p><br>
<p>The Bridgeport Housing Company was formed in 1916 to deal with this housing problem. It was composed of about a dozen manufacturers and public service companies with capital of $1,000,000. One of its first actions was to appoint R. Clipston Sturgis of Boston, as the architect and Andrew Shurtleff as the town planner. The town planner controlled most aspects of the project. Mr. W. H. Ham, a Boston engineer, was appointed as the general manager.</p><br>
<p>R. Clipston Sturges was the top ranked architect of his time. He served as President of the American Institute of Architects from 1913–1915. He was involved in designing the wings for BuIfinch&#39;s state house in Boston. Sturgis also designed the Perkins Institute for the Blind in Watertown, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>Arthur Shurtleff studied under Charles Eliot from 1895 to 1896 at Harvard and worked for Olmsted Brothers Landscape Architects from 1896 through 1905, before he opened his own firm in Boston. Along with Frederick Law Olmsted Jr., he was an early faculty member of Harvard University&#39;s landscape architecture program, founded in 1900.</p><br>
<p>To solve the housing crisis for workers serving the war effort, the United States Housing Corporation was formed in July 1918 with $100 million in capital. They partnered with the Bridgeport Housing Company and examined 20 housing sites in Bridgeport deciding upon 7 of them (two of which, were abandoned on the signing of the armistice). These sites were located to bring the greatest number of workers within walking distance of their work. They were also designed to serve as models for safe and attractive housing compared to the tenement buildings. This is one reason they were made of brick instead of wood. They were also designed for better ventilation and light than the tenement buildings. The costs were kept down by the small size of the units and the use of only a few building designs.</p><br>
<p>The first of the United States Housing Corporation projects to be completed was Black Rock Gardens, followed by the Wilmot Apartments, both designed by Sturgis with Skinner and Walker as associate architects. Seaside Village, the third to be finished, was designed by Sturgis with Andrew H. Hepburn as associate architect.</p><br>
<p>At this time Seaside Village was known as the “Crane Tract.” The units were designed for regular workers, who would normally live in low grade tenements. The houses were planned for “the needs and salary of the man who will never be able to earn more than an ordinary wage. The comfort of his family and conditions which will provide them with a chance to live under good conditions and sanitary surroundings have been carefully studied, and it is thought that the government will favor the plan of selling the houses to tenants if they so desire.”</p><br>
<p>The Crane site was chosen because it was within walking distance of the West End shops and would enable most workers to come home for lunch. It was adjacent to the Crane Company plant and had been part of the Crane Company property until the federal government purchased the land. It was renamed as “Seaside Village” prior to completion. Proximity to Seaside Park was another reason. At one time it was a marshland and had a creek running through it, but by the time it was chosen for development in 1918, the wetlands had been filled in by industrial waste.</p><br>
<p>Seaside Village homes were built to be enduring and aesthetically pleasing, which is why they were constructed of brick with slate roofs. They were designed to have a distinctively New England character. Each family would have its own backyard and the village was designed with courtyards and a village square, which could contain plantings and gardens.</p><br>
<p>Due to Olmsted&#39;s influence at the federal level, Seaside Village was one of the first complexes to be built in the “English Garden City” concept of planning small communities to provide much green space for sunlight, fresh air, and gardens, which is also called the. Architectural groupings alternated with open parks. Seaside Village remains to this day, one of the six most important examples of the “English Garden City” model in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Andrew H. Hepburn of the Boston firm of Hepburn & Parker was brought on as associate architect just for the Crane Development. The need for an additional architect was due to the Crane Development being the largest of the developments to be built by the USHC in Bridgeport and it was also considered to the most important one.</p><br>
<p>The land was extremely flat, but the developers created an interesting arrangement using curved streets and placing units in varying combinations. Delays in approvals enabled the architects and planners time to create scale models of the entire development and experiment in placing them in different ways. They were able to view the three-dimensional models from every angle to study their relationships to one another. The basis of the model was irregularity which was achieved by varying the placement of the limited number of floor plans. They also built around some of the existing trees on the property, which created variety. The curvilinear streets followed precedents in European towns and England, rather than the American gridiron pattern.</p><br>
<p>The units were designed primarily as row houses since this allowed for the most density. The longer the row, the more economical the construction, but there was an issue with getting behind the homes for garbage and ash disposal. They solved this problem by installing sunken garbage receptacles in front eliminating the need for rear access to the units.</p><br>
<p>The interiors consisted of a few floor plans of three, four, and five rooms. They were designed to suit the needs of small families in a straightforward, comfortable way. A combined kitchen/dining area/living room was used in the design. No furnaces were installed. The heating was done by the kitchen stove sometimes supplemented by a stove in another room. However, the homes were designed so that the occupants could install a furnace if they desired. Coal and gas were the main sources of heating at that time, oil heat did not come along until later.</p><br>
<p>Each home had its own entrance</p><br>
<p>Seaside Village consisted of 24.72 acres from South Avenue to Atlantic Street. The plan was to build: 6 semi-detached houses, 259 row houses, 28 semi-detached two-flat houses, 84 row two-flat houses for a total of 377 houses. Only 257 of the 377 homes were built. The remaining homes were scheduled to be built in the area where the field and parking lot are now located. What was finally built consisted of: 6 semi-detached houses, 185 row houses, 12 semi-detached two-flat houses, 54 row two-flat houses for a total of 257 houses. There were a total of 52 buildings erected.</p><br>
<p>The site was almost level and “just enough above high tide water to clear itself of storm water when properly graded and provided with storm sewers.” It had a few groups of trees, which were incorporated into the plan.</p><br>
<p>By October, it was being referred to as the Crane Lot Housing Development. Groundbreaking was expected the week of October 21, 1918. Just three weeks later, the truce for WWI was signed on November 11, 1918. This was a problem for the Crane Development as it was only one-half of one percent complete as of November 6, 1918. By December, the City was wavering over whether to complete the housing. Work continued, however, by March 1919, the Housing Company began to lay off workers. At this point, the newspapers began referring to the Crane Development as Seaside Village. The units rented for $15/month at a time when munitions workers were getting paid $75/week, while the average pay for a worker was $10/week.</p><br>
<p>During this same month (March 1919) H. K. Moses of the Architectural Department of the USA Housing Corporation and Frederick Law Olmsted Jr., Chief of the Town Planning Department visited Bridgeport. While touring Seaside Village, Mr. Moses said, “It looks like a bit of England.” Moses was a key leader in the revival of Colonial architecture in the United States.</p><br>
<p>By September 1919, the construction of Seaside Village had cost $1,971,839. Ninety-two of the units were still vacant as the war had ended and the demand for workers had abated. The Senate charged the USA Housing Corporation with inefficiencies and improperly spent federal money. The report stated that “A failure to promptly cease building operations on the signing of the armistice proved either a desire to complete their town beautiful experiments or to be helpful, at government expense, to the local communities involved.”</p><br>
<h2>Seaside Village 1920–1950</h2><br>
<p>On December 20, 1922, The Bridgeport Times, wrote an article about how attractive the Seaside Village homes are and that there was a model home open to the public at the corner of Burnham and Iranistan. It mentions that there are kitchen cabinets and ranges that come with the units, which was not typical at that time. The house was heated by a one pipe furnace. It did not state the fuel type, which was likely coal, given the time period.</p><br>
<p>The Bridgeport Housing Company was renting units for $22 to $24 per month for the 3 room units and $26 to $28.50 per month for the 4 room units.</p><br>
<p>By 1934, Seaside Village had endured the Great Depression. It still consisted of just rental units at this time, but there had not been a vacancy in five years. It was believed the desirability was due to its proximity to Seaside Park, the “excellent neighborhood”, atmosphere of trees and shrubbery, as well as the brick buildings with slate roofs.</p><br>
<h2>Seaside Village 1950–present</h2><br>
<p>Bridgeport Housing sold Seaside Village along with four other developments to the Farm Bureau Insurance Group in February 1954. In September 1954, tenants accepted a cooperative ownership plan which was offered to them by the Farm Bureau. This was the first privately owned housing co-operative in Connecticut. Each of the five developments (Seaside Village, Bridgeport Park Apartments, Bridgeport Garden Apartments, Bridgeport Wilmot Apartments, and Bridgeport Gateway Apartments) had their own President and Board of Directors elected by their leaseholders. The average sales price was $3,280. Terms were 20% down with the balance paid over 20 years at five percent interest. The average monthly payment was $18 for the mortgage and $22 for the common charges. In October 1954, Seaside Village installed gas furnaces in the basements of nearly all of the units. The common charges went up $5 per month for the units that converted to gas heat.</p><br>
<p>In 1957 a unit came on the market for $4,200. The common charges were $45 per month. In the 1960s units were listed between $3,100 and $8,000. Common charges were $35 to $46 per month. In the 1970s units were listed between $8,500 and $15,500. Common charges were between $35 and $64 per month.</p><br>
<p>In 1973 a certificate of beautification was given to Seaside Village based on the “continued cleanliness and beauty that has prevailed in these homes. It is a great source of pride to Bridgeport to have, in its midst, a group of citizens who maintain such standards year in and year out.”</p><br>
<p>In 1975, there was an article in the newspaper about families in Seaside Village burning their 20-year mortgages, which were obtained when the co-op was formed in 1954. Villagers celebrated with a day-long picnic at the Village&#39;s Little League field.</p><br>
<p>On September 26, 1990, Seaside Village was officially listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the “Seaside Village Historic District.” It was stated that “alterations to this complex are slight” and goes on to cite the oriel windows, 6/6 windows topped by brick arches, wood shutters, various classically inspired door surrounds, with a predominant theme of Tuscan Doric. “While the steep pitches of the roofs represent an attempt to adapt an early eighteenth-century southern form to a northern climate, the careful massing of the buildings, their Colonial Revival design vocabulary, and studied placement along picturesque, tree-lined streets all consciously recall Old New England villages, where outbuildings and extensions have been added over time to the original house.” They also stated that it “survives with surprising architectural integrity as the last of four USA Housing Corporation projects in Bridgeport.”</p><br>
<h2>Resiliency</h2><br>
<p>Over the course of years, changes in lifestyle, population, physical wear and tear, and inconsistent architectural and aesthetic standards began to warrant attention. The charming narrow tree-lined streets that were designed in 1918 for an occasional car were now struggling to accommodate multiple vehicle families. A variety of storm doors and front door overhangs, added in the 1950s for protection from rain and snow, were not in keeping with the Georgian architectural style. The same was becoming true for replacement windows and other architectural elements. A significant number of the original mature trees were aging out and needing to be replaced. However, one of the biggest concerns was the need for storm water management throughout the Village.</p><br>
<p>The effects of chronic flooding after significant rain events were causing street and parking lot flooding, soil erosion, occasional basement flooding, and some thought perhaps even some foundation settlement. The concern about the long-term effect of the structure of the buildings, the need to set some architectural standards, and to prioritize the wishes of the community, prompted the formation of the Historic Preservation Committee in 2009.</p><br>
<p>Soon thereafter, the committee approached the Yale School of Architecture&#39;s Urban Design Workshop (YUDW) to discuss a possible collaboration for the development of a Master Plan. The Plan would provide the community with direction on the inter-related issues of preservation, design guidelines, storm water management, landscape and streetscape, and traffic and parking, as well as looking at options for future development. The board of directors approved their proposal and the committee then submitted it to the Fairfield County Community Foundation for funding. Seaside Village was awarded $24,000 in October 2010 to begin work on its master plan.</p><br>
<p>The Yale team consisted of Alan Plattus, YUDW Director, Andrei Harwell, YUDW Project Coordinator, and Alex Felson, Landscape Architect. The other partners on this project were the City of Bridgeport, the Regional Plan Association and the Seaside Village community. Two years of works ensued, including surveys and meetings with community members and various city officials to gather data. In addition to the contracted Master Plan, the installation of the rain garden was added to the project. The rain garden provided the solution to end flooding on the far parking lot.</p><br>
<p>The Seaside Village Master Plan delivered what it promised in terms of direction on preservation, design guidelines, storm water management, landscape and streetscape, and traffic and parking, as well as options for future development. The Seaside Village Sustainable Master Plan consists of a 77-page document published by the Yale Urban Design Workshop and Urban Ecology and Design Lab on December 12, 2011.</p><br>
<p>The Master Plan also played a role in the Rebuild by Design project, which had been created in response to the devastation in the northeastern United States caused by Superstorm Sandy. The USA Department of Housing and Urban Development and the Presidential Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding Task Force initiated the Rebuild by Design Competition (RBD). The competition created innovative community and policy-based proposals to protect coastal communities most at risk due to increasingly severe weather events and future uncertainties. During the final phase of the competition, the team focused on Bridgeport to integrate urban development with natural systems, so that Bridgeport could become a model for other cities along the Long Island Sound and throughout New England.</p><br>
<p>The city was awarded $10 million for planning, design, and construction via the federal governments Rebuild by Design competition. Arcadis, which had been advising Bridgeport on resilience since 2014, helped the city secure another $41 million in funding through HUDs National Disaster Resilience competition for 2015–16. Construction should begin in the spring of 2019 and be completed in the fall of 2022. Projects include a $6.5 million storm-water system and a 2.5-acre storm-water park to manage water runoff along Iranistan.</p><br>
<p>Alan Plattus, director of the Yale Urban Design Workshop, from the Seaside Village Sustainable Master Plan, got involved in the Rebuild by Design and Resilient Bridgeport projects. Seaside Village became part of the study area, but the final project included the Marina Village area, not the village itself due to budget constraints.</p><br>
<p>A corner of the field near the end of the parking lot was selected as the ideal site because of the seasonal flooding of the field all the way to Atlantic Street and adjacent parking lot. University of Connecticut students built the rain garden, the city of Bridgeport donated materials, machinery and many plants after construction.</p><br>
<p>The rain garden area consists of six experimental rain gardens, approximately 8’ x 22’, which receive runoff from the community parking lot via a series of pipes. A few feet below the ground surface, an impermeable clay layer confines underlying groundwater—but in each rain garden, a permeable sand wick perforates the clay. The initial (2011, 2012) wetland plant community failed due to inundation with storm surge from Long Island Sound, brought by Hurricane Sandy in 2012. The most recent replanting event (in 2013) used only salt-tolerant native New England marsh species.</p><br>
<p>The Nature Conservancy and Groundworks Bridgeport have an annual commitment to maintaining the gardens in partnership with Seaside Village. The day-to-day maintenance and plantings have been handled by a resident volunteer, Diego Celis.</p><br>
<p>Seaside Village endured two catastrophic floods within a 14-month period with Irene in 2011 and Sandy in 2012. Hurricane Irenes 3-foot storm surge left behind more than $600,000 in damages. Sandys 9-foot storm surge was worse than Irene, destroying mechanicals in basements that had been replaced a year before after Irene and reaching units that had not been affected by Irene. Approximately 140 units benefited from the installation of new electrical panels raised to the first level, sump pumps and other work to help make their units more resilient in future storms thanks to grants from the Robin Hood Relief Fund, United Way, and other funders.</p><br>
<p>Many of the plantings in the Village and some trees were destroyed by the salt water floods. Villagers have replanted many flowers and shrubs. The Seaside Village Tree Committee worked with Bridgeport&#39;s tree warden on stump removal and have replaced 39 trees since the storms. A walk through the village in the spring or summer shows the pride that villagers take in their yards and common areas.</p><br>
<p>Seaside Village&#39;s attention to their gardens has become known to some in the botanical community. Seaside Village even has a rose named after it in the New York Botanical Gardens. A Seaside Village resident, Diego Celis, found a double mutation of a wild beach rose near the village. He brought a few of the cuttings to the New York Botanical Garden, where the curator of the Peggy Rockefeller rose garden, Stephen Scaniello, named it “Seaside Joy” after Seaside Village. Seaside Joy looks like an old rose, with cupped flowers and an intense fragrance.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, the Seaside Village Garden Committee decided to build a community garden with raised beds for vegetable production as well as a fenced-in dog run. Village residents took on the task of building the raised beds. The first season 15 were built. They have since expanded to 50. There will be a maximum of 64 beds when completed. An arbor with a picnic table next to the gardens has created a relaxing location for village potlucks and impromptu picnics.</p><br>
<p>The following quote from Yales Master Plan captures the essence of Seaside Villages first 100 years succinctly:</p><br>
<p>Seaside Village is a jewel in the crown of a proud old industrial city. Not only is it a survivor from a crucial period in the urban and industrial history of Bridgeport, it is a significant and widely known landmark in the history of American housing and community design. While much of the economic, institutional and architectural fabric of the era it represents has lost its purpose and declined or disappeared, Seaside Village is a thriving community whose population has transitioned from factory workers to a diverse group of mixed-income residents, devoted to both the heritage and the current life of the Village.</p><br>
<p>Cunningham-Hall PT-6 NC692W is one of two surviving aircraft of its type from the early days of aviation in the history of Alaska. The Cunningham-Hall PT-6 is a single-engine six-seat cabin biplane built by the Cunningham-Hall Aircraft Corporation, which was designed mainly as a personal transport. The aircraft, registered as NC692W, with c/n. 2962, was built in 1930 and is the second of its kind constructed. It was entirely rebuilt as a static display using non-airworthy materials in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>At the time of its listing on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1978, it was stationed at the Transportation Museum of Alaska, in Palmer. It was later moved to the Alaska Museum of Transportation and Industry in Wasilla, Alaska.</p><br>
<p>The Heurich-Parks House at 3400 Massachusetts Avenue on Observatory Circle, Washington, D.C., was built in 1925 by philanthropic businessman Christian Heurich, Jr. The home was sold to ophthalmologist Marshall M. Parks in 1960. On October 13, 2015, the house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Christian Heurich, Jr.</h2><br>
<p>Christian "Chris" Heurich, Jr. (1901–1979) was the heir to the Christian Heurich Brewing Company in Washington D. C. He married Consuelo Young in 1925, and that year William H. and Mary M. West sold Heurich Lots 9 and 10, 3400 Massachusetts Avenue on Observatory Circle, Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<p>A two-story brick, tile, and stucco, L-plan residence was designed by architect Albert S.J. Atkinson, and may have been decorated by the New York firm of H.F. Huber & Company, the same firm that designed the interiors of the Heurich mansion in Dupont Circle that was built from 1892–1894 by his father, Christian Heurich. The National Park Service estimates the cost of the original construction for the Century Revival-Mission/Spanish style architecture house to have been $30,000. Fred Drew Construction Company strengthened the foundation of a portion of the house with underpinning in 1941, and a two-story “servants quarters” was added in 1948 by the same construction company. Chris and Consuelo divorced on September 5, 1951.</p><br>
<h2>Marshall M. Parks</h2><br>
<p>Consuelo Young Heurich sold the house to ophthalmologist Marshall M. Parks (1918–2005) and his wife Angeline Miller Parks on June 27, 1960. Dr. Parks and his wife ran an ophthalmology practice out of the home. In 1960, Parks added a Porter & Lockie–designed wing on the house to accommodate his practice.</p><br>
<h2>NRHP listing</h2><br>
<p>The house was added to the NRHP in western Washington, D.C., on October 13, 2015.</p><br>
<p>Ravenna is a historic two-and-a-half-story mansion in Natchez, Mississippi, USA. It was built in 1835-1836 for William Harris, a merchant commissioner, planter and Natchez alderman. It was designed in the Greek Revival architectural style, based on plans by Asher Benjamin. By the 1850s, it was purchased by the Metcalfe family, whose descendants owned the house until they sold it to Dr. Mallan Morgan in the 1980s. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since November 4, 1982.</p><br>
<p>Ravenna&#39;s address has been given as 8 Ravenna Lane</p><br>
<p>The Main Street Historic District is located in Darlington, Wisconsin. It was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. It included 40 contributing buildings on 8 hectare.</p><br>
<p>It includes Darlingtons old downtown, including the 1860 J.B. Cutting Livery Stable, the 1879 Italianate-styled Schreiter Building, the 1883 Romanesque Revival Drivers Store and Opera House, the 1896 Queen Anne Miller and Fardy Dry Goods Store, the 1911 Neoclassical Odd Fellows Hall, the 1919 Commercial Vernacular Hotel Olson, and the 1930 Moderne-style Iowa Oil Co. & Filling Station.</p><br>
<p>The First National Bank building was probably designed by an architect. But the Citizens National Bank (1885), at 330 Main Street, is the only building known specifically to have been architect-designed: its new facade in 1928 was designed by Madison, Wisconsin architects Frank Riley and Lewis Siberz. According to the NRHP nomination, the building&#39;s facade has monumental fluted Doric pilasters, an entablature, and a pediment "enriched with a large medallion", and overall "recalls a Greek temple front."</p><br>
<p>The Elmore Houses are a pair of historic farmhouses at 78 and 87 Long Hill Road in South Windsor, Connecticut. The two houses, one built before 1819 and restyled in the 1840s, and the other one built new in the 1840s, are locally important rural examples of Greek Revival architecture. They were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Elmore Houses are located on southwestern South Windsor, on either side of Long Hill Road just south of its crossing of Interstate 291. Number 78 is the older of the two houses: it is a -story wood-frame structure, with a gabled roof, central chimney, and an exterior of asbestos siding over original wooden clapboards. The main entrance is at the center of its five-bay facade; it has a Greek Revival surround built around the entrance, which is topped by a more Federal appearing fanlight. The interior follows a somewhat typical Georgian Colonial plan, with a narrow vestibule leading to chambers on either side of the chimney. It differs from that plan in not appearing to ever have had a winding staircase in the vestibule, an otherwise common feature.</p><br>
<p>Number 87 is a more straightforward example of Greek Revival architecture, with a front-gable roof and three-bay facade. The main entrance is in the leftmost bay, sheltered by a finely styled portico. The gable end above is fully pedimented, with a rectangular fixed window at its center.</p><br>
<p>The house at number 78 was acquired in 1816 by Sally Elmore Burnham, which is the first documented record of its existence. It was probably built at an earlier date by another member of the Elmore family. In the 1840s, Burnham&#39;s nephew Timothy restyled that house in the Greek Revival style, and Dennis Burnham, a family relative who was a builder based in Hartford, built the house at number 87. The land that both houses stand on was associated with the Elmore family and descendants from the 17th to 20th centuries.</p><br>
<h2>Additional Elmore Family Houses</h2><br>
<p>Although not on a historical registry, the house that sits at 19 Long Hill Road was built by Samuel Elmore in 1836. It is a two-and-one-half story Greek Revival-style house with a side hall plan. The openings in the facade are evenly dispersed across it, and those on the second floor line up with those on the first. A small square bay is attached to the rear of one side. A one story ell is located at the back, with the ridge of its roof running parallel to the ridge on the roof of the main block. The ell has been expanded over time. The building sits on a brick foundation.</p><br>
<p>Parish Apartments, also known as the Sigma Pi Fraternity House and the St. Thomas More Parish Center, is a historic building located in Iowa City, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013 as the Sigma Pi Fraternity House.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Fraternity</h3><br>
<p>Located in the Manville Heights neighborhood, Parish Apartments was built as a fraternity house for Sigma Pi in 1929. The design for the three-story stone Tudor Revival structure is attributed to Madison, Wisconsin architect Myron Edwards Pugh. It was built at the height of fraternity house construction at the University of Iowa.</p><br>
<p>Xi Psi Phi fraternity joined Sigma Pi in the house in 1936, and Psi Omega joined two years later. The residency of these other fraternities was most likely due to a decline in enrollment during the Great Depression. It was not enough, however, as First Trust and Savings Bank of Davenport acquired the building at a sheriff&#39;s sale in 1943.</p><br>
<h3>Catholic church</h3><br>
<p>In 1945, the property was transferred to the Catholic Diocese of Davenport for use as the Catholic Student Center and Newman Club for Catholic students who were enrolled at the University of Iowa. Edna Mahan, a University of Iowa graduate, and president of the Diocesan Council of Catholic Women, was instrumental in securing the building. Bishop Henry Rohlman had established the student center in 1944 with Rev. Leonard Brugman as the first director.</p><br>
<p>Under the patronage of St. Thomas More, the building housed a chapel until 1947. A Quonset hut was used as a church from 1947 to 1965 when a new church was built on Riverside Drive under the direction of Rev. J. Walter McEleney. This building remained the student center until 1969 when the Rev. Robert Walter moved it to the former school building at St. Mary&#39;s Church and St. Thomas More became a territorial parish the following year. The parish continued to use the building as a parish center until it moved to Coralville in 2009.</p><br>
<h3>University</h3><br>
<p>The former church building was sold to the university for an organ and music concert hall. The building was converted into sixteen one-bedroom and studio apartments.</p><br>
<p>The Maplewood Cemetery, formerly known as the New Pulaski Cemetery, is a historic cemetery in Pulaski, Tennessee, USA.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery was established as the New Pulaski Cemetery in 1855. The oldest section, known as Old Maplewood, contains the burials of whites and blacks. In 1878, another section was added for African-American burials. The name was changed to Maplewood Cemetery in 1880. It was further expanded in 1907 and the 1940s.</p><br>
<p>The first person to be buried in Old Maplewood was Robert H. Watkins, a planter. The black burials are unmarked, while the white burials are often adorned with sculptures of angels and obelisks. There is a sub-section for the 85 veterans of the Confederate States Army buried there, including a monument dedicated by the United Daughters of the Confederacy in 1913. Other burials include Masons, and 40 veterans of the United States Colored Troops.</p><br>
<p>Notable burials include Confederate Generals John C. Brown (1827–1889) and John Adams (1825–1864), Confederate Colonel John Goff Ballentine (1825–1915), Confederate Congressmen Thomas McKissick Jones and James McCallum (1806–1889), and Thomas Martin (1799–1870), the founder of Martin Methodist College. Politicians Ross Bass (1918–1993), Edward Everett Eslick (1872–1932), Willa McCord Blake Eslick (1878–1961), and Lena Springs (1883–1942) are buried there as well.</p><br>
<p>Three of the original December 24, 1865 founders of the Ku Klux Klan in Pulaski, Tennessee are also buried here: John C. Lester (OM-141-2); James R. Crowe (OM-169-2), and; J. Calvin Jones (OM-164-10).</p><br>
<p>The cemetery has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since November 15, 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Piers and Revetments at Grand Haven, Michigan are navigational structures located at the mouth of the Grand River in Grand Haven, Michigan. The structures were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Grand Haven was first settled in 1827 as an outpost of the American Fur Company. When this operation was disbanded, former company agents Rix Robinson and John Stuart acquired the property and in 1834 platted the settlement of Grand Haven. By 1836, over 400 people lived there, and in 1838 the Federal government constructed a lighthouse at the mouth of the Grand River. In the 1840s, the lumber industry in the area gained momentum, with the increase in volume continuing through the 1850s. At the same time, Grand Haven&#39;s usage as a port facility was on the upswing. In 1855, the lighthouse, which had been damaged in a storm, was reconstructed on higher ground.</p><br>
<p>Also in 1855, two competing railroad lines serving Grand Haven, the Oakland and Ottawa Railroad and the Detroit and Pontiac Railroad, merged to form the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad. The Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad aimed to develop a direct car ferry route across Lake Michigan from Grand Haven. Over the next three years, they developed the infrastructure to begin ferry service, including a 3185 foot long pier at the south side of the entrance to the harbor. The first through train from Milwaukee to Detroit connected through the port in September 1858.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, the United States Army Corps of Engineers (COE) was developing a plan for harbor improvements in Grand Haven, which was completed by Col. J.D. Graham in 1857. However, the improvements were not authorized until 1866. Work soon began on the COE plan, starting with repairs to the Detroit and Milwaukee-built pier, whose design had caused washouts in several locations, and a portion of which had been heavily damaged by fire. Repairs were completed in 1867, and work began on the remainder of the COE plan. The improvements were slowly implemented through the rest of the 1860s and into the 1870s. In addition to the pier repairs, these improvements included construction of pile revetment, and strengthening the existing pierhead, dredging the channel, constructing a north pier, and constructing an additional revetment along the bend in the river. A light was added to the south pier in 1881.</p><br>
<p>By 1880, the COE had completed most of the construction work. During the 1880s, both of the piers were extended to give greater protection to the harbor and reduce the shoaling of sand into the channel. By 1890, the north pier was about 1,120 feet long, and the south pier approximately 1,300 feet. Despite the improvements to the harbor, serious problems with sand bars developing remained, and the piers were extended again, the north pier by 600 feet and the south pier by 550 feet.</p><br>
<p>Additional harbor improvements were made in the 20th century, starting with the extension of the revetments and the addition of concrete reinforcement. Dredging of the channel continued in the 1910s and 1920s. Between 1951 and 1983, sheet steel substructures were set into place along the piers and revetments.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The navigational structures at Grand Haven consist of two piers and two revetments located at the mouth of the Grand River. The northern pier is long, and the southern pier is long. The channel itself is wide and deep, running from Lake Michigan to a point inside the ends of the pier. The revetments are placed along the channel for a distance of along the north bank and along the south bank.</p><br>
<p>The construction on these structures spanned a 62-year period between 1857 and 1919. The substructures installed at the time consist of stone filled timber cribs, close driven round timber piles, and wood plank sheet piles. In addition, most of the substructure is covered with a steel sheet pile facade which was installed between 1951 and 1983. A slab concrete superstructure was built along the piers and revetments between 1916 and 1938.</p><br>
<p>The Nathaniel and Esther  Robbins House is a private house located at 20 South 5th Avenue in Grand Haven, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Nathaniel Robbins V was born on September 29, 1866, in Benton Harbor, Michigan, the son of Captain Nathaniel Robbins IV and Hannah (Nickerson) Robbins. The elder Nathaniel Robbins operated lumber sailing ships between Benton Harbor and Grand Haven in the 1870s. The younger Robbins sailed with his father, then took on various jobs before settling in Grand Haven in 1884. He soon joined the firm of H. L. Chamberlain & Company, a coal and wood retailer, and became sole proprietor of the business in 1887.</p><br>
<p>On September 3, 1891, Nathaniel Robbins V married Esther Savidge. Esther was born in Spring Lake, Michigan, on May 17, 1866, the daughter of Hunter and Sarah Savidge. Hunter Savidge eventually became a leading lumberman and businessman in the Ottawa County area. Nathaniel and Esther Robbins purchased the site this house is located on in 1891. At the time a brick house known as the Vanderhoef house was located on the site. in 1899 they demolished the Vanderhoef house and hired Baldus Pellegrom, a Grand Haven carpenter and ship&#39;s carpenter, to construct the current house. Construction was complete in 1900.</p><br>
<p>Nathaniel and Esther Robbins had three children: Nathaniel VI, who was born in 1896, Dorothy, who was born in 1898, and Hunter, who was born in 1892. Esther Robbins died on June 20, 1920, after surgery at the Mayo Clinic in Minneapolis. In 1923, Nathaniel Robbins V married Alice Hood. The couple lived in this house until Nathaniel&#39;s death in 1940.</p><br>
<p>After Robbins died in 1940, the house passed to Gordon and Joan Laughead. The Laugheads lived in the house for nearly 50 years. Gordon died in 1969 and Joan sold the house in 1988, shortly before her own death in 1989. The house passed through multiple owners until 1993, when it was purchased by Laura and Ed Grafton of Spring Lake. They made extensive renovations and restorations to the house. In 2002, William and Linda Swano purchased the property to house their Grand Haven Financial Center. In 2019, the house was purchased by the Midwest Miniatures Museum who began renovation and adaptation to preserve the history of the house as well as convert it into a museum open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Robbins House is a 2-1/2 story Colonial Revival house with a hipped roof and a coursed ashlar stone foundation. The facade is symmetric, and contains an entry veranda with classic columns and corner pilasters. A shallow bay window is placed on the second floor above the entry. The corners of the house are marked by pilasters with Ionic capitols; likewise, Tuscan pilasters frame the windows in the three roof dormers.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, the main floor contains four large rooms, a kitchen, and two bathrooms. The second floor contains five bedrooms and three bathrooms. The third floor was originally a ballroom, but has been re-purposed into three bedrooms and a modern kitchen. The house contains walnut and mahogany throughout, as paneling, stairways, pocket doors, and other millwork. There are extensive rich plaster moldings, leaded glass windows, and other fine details throughout.</p><br>
<p>The Elm Street Historic District encompasses a colonial-era roadway layout and a cross-section of historical residential architecture styles in Rocky Hill, Connecticut. Elm Street between Silas Deane Highway and Grimes Road is an old colonial road, laid out in the late 17th century, and has retained an unusually wide right-of-way, typical for the period but rarely preserved. The houses lining it date from 1769 to the 1930s. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Rocky Hill&#39;s Elm Street was laid out in the late 17th century, as a major road leading west from the Rocky Hill–Glastonbury ferry. This ferry (now seasonal) began service in 1655, and is believed to be the oldest continuously operating ferry in the United States. The road was laid out to a then-standard width of 20 rods, about 300 ft. This portion of the road has retained this width, with two rows of trees on its north side and one to its south filling out the right of way. The earliest surviving buildings, the oldest of which dates to 1769, are located near its junction with Chapin and Ashwell Streets.</p><br>
<p>The district includes 35 residential buildings, all but one of which are wood-frame structures 1-1/2 to stories in height. The one exception is the brick house at 43 Elm Street, which is not historically significant. The main period in which houses were built in the district was the first quarter of the 20th. Examples of the Colonial Revival are the most numerous, with American Foursquare, Tudor Revival, and Craftsman/Bungalow styles also well represented. There are only three instances of the more ornate Italianate and Queen Anne styles (of which two are transitional), and three late Greek Revival buildings.</p><br>
<p>The Mottley Family Farmstead on Ivey Road in Willow Springs in Lafayette County, Wisconsin is a 8 acre property which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001. The listing included three contributing buildings.</p><br>
<p>It is an abandoned farm on an isolated ravine, begun in 1854 by English immigrants Abraham and Susan Motley. Remaining are a -story limestone farmhouse probably begun around 1860, a bank barn, and other structures. The Motleys raised milk cows, pigs, wheat, corn and potatoes. The farm stayed in their family until 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Water Street Commercial Historic District in Shullsburg in Lafayette County, Wisconsin is a 7 acre historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. It included 34 contributing buildings.</p><br>
<p>It includes Shullsburg&#39;s downtown, both now and during early lead-mining. Properties include the 1847/78/84 City Hotel, the 1855/1886 Brewster House Hotel, the 1867 Greek Revival Methodist Episcopal Church, 1882 Copeland Opera House, the 1884 Italianate Merchants Union Bank, the 1884 Gothic Revival/eclectic Williams Estate Building, the 1903 Gerlach Saloon, and the 1920 20th Century Commercial-styled Gem Garage.</p><br>
<p>The Summit Apartment Building, also known as the Summit Street Cooperative Apartments, is a historic building located in Iowa City, Iowa, United States. This is the only known Iowa work of Chicago architect Parker Nobel Berry, a student of, and chief designer for, Louis Sullivan. The building is a stripped-down version of his original plan, which proved too expensive to build. The three-story structure follows a U-shaped plan, and is built on a raised basement. Completed in 1916, it was Iowa City&#39;s first apartment flat. The Prairie School-style building was built by local developer, Dr. Frank C. Titzell, who continued to own it until his death in 1932. His wife Bertha owned it until 1939 when she sold it to an out-of-state buyer. In 1947 it became the first Housing cooperative in the state after the Iowa General Assembly passed the Cooperative Housing Authorization Act earlier in the same year. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The James McCollister Farmstead, also known as the Old Charlie Showers Place, is a historic farmstead located in Iowa City, Iowa, United States. This property was first settled in 1840 by Philip Clark. He laid a claim on the land in 1836, but it was not available until after the Second Black Hawk Purchase of land from the Sauk, Meskwaki , and Ho-Chunk  tribes in 1837. The claim was secured by The Claim Association of Johnson County until the land was put up for sale in 1840. This was the first farm listed in Johnson County. Clark sold the farm to James McCollister in 1863, and he expanded it to 750 acres. He also built the house and the barn, which are the subjects of the historical designation. The farm was owned by his descendants until 1974.</p><br>
<p>The first section of the two-story brick house was completed in 1864, with an expansion built onto the front in 1880. That gave the house an Italianate appearance. The wood-frame barn is built on a limestone foundation, just like the house. At the time of the historic nomination the foundation and fire pit for the smokehouse were in existence. The farmstead was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The John Virginius and Annice Bennes House is a house located in the Arlington Heights section of Portland, Oregon designed by prominent architect John Virginius Bennes for himself and his wife, Annice. The house is registered on the National Register for Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The house was designed in the style of Mediterranean Revival and Prairie School architecture, the latter of which Bennes has been credited with for introducing to Oregon.</p><br>
<p>The Landers Creek Bridge, also known as the Goodrich Bridge and located at the southern edge of Goodrich in Linn County, Kansas, is a stone arch bridge built in 1917. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The bridge design reflects the transition of materials: it uses stone voussoirs, concrete piers, and concrete spandrel walls. It has five stone arches and is 82 feet (25 m) long with a 14 feet (4.3 m) roadway (from curb to curb). The roadway is 14 feet (4.3 m) above Landers Creek. Small limestone wing walls were added later.</p><br>
<p>The Mine Creek Bridge, located east of Mound City in Linn County, Kansas, was built in 1927. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>It is a 110 ft long reinforced concrete Marsh arch bridge bringing a 20 ft roadway across Mine Creek. It is a type of through arch bridge.</p><br>
<p>It was built by Maxwell Construction Company at a cost of $15,037.60.</p><br>
<p>Coakley Bay Estate is a 55 acre property in the East End area, east of Christiansted, Saint Croix, USA Virgin Islands. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. The listing included seven contributing sites.</p><br>
<p>The property includes surviving stonework of a mill for grinding sugarcane and of a 20 ft-tall windmill for drawing water. A capstone on the latter is marked "1810". It includes a one-story 70 x great house with foundation and main floor built of "red ballast and yellow brick". Wood frame interior work appears to date from about 1920.</p><br>
<p>The Prescott Rural High School, on West 4th Street in Prescott, Kansas, was built in 1924. It has also been known as Prescott Elementary School. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008 as part of a Multiple Property Submission for public schools in Kansas.</p><br>
<p>The main portion of the school building is 108 x in plan. It was designed by architect Ray L. Gamble and is of Early Commercial architecture, with Mission/Spanish Revival architecture details. It was expanded by rear additions in about 1950 and</p><br>
<p>1961.</p><br>
<p>Byerley House, located at the corner of Lake Street and Ingram Street in Lake Providence in East Carroll Parish, Louisiana, is a one-story house built in c.1902.</p><br>
<p>The house has Queen Anne styling including asymmetrical massing, textured surfaces, a wraparound gallery, and a hexagonal bay as well as a rectangular bay. The textured surfaces include "beaded board siding on the facade and gable peaks combining fishscale, diamond, and crescent shaped shingles." Although perhaps modest relative to two-story Queen Anne houses with turrets and other features elsewhere, it was deemed significant in its NRHP nomination to be "an intact and extremely rare example of the Queen Anne Revival style within Lake Providence". The house also has Stick-Eastlake details including "turned gallery columns and circular grilled vents piercing each of the building&#39;s major gables."</p><br>
<p>The house was moved one block&#39;s distance in 1991 to save it from demolition, but as before it stands on a large corner lot which is the site of the King House enlisted in the Lake Providence Residential Historic District and burned down some time after its listing. It is located near the southeastern shore of an oxbow lake and across the street from Grace Episcopal Church.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 13, 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Boerner-Fry Company/Davis Hotel is a historic building located in Iowa City, Iowa, United States. Emil Louis Boerner was born in Prussia and came to Iowa City with his family when he was 12. He was educated at the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, and he owned and operated a drugstore in Iowa City for 57 years. He was also one of the primary organizers of the Iowa Pharmaceutical Association, a member of the faculty at the newly established Iowa College of Pharmacy in Des Moines, and was involved in establishing the Department of Pharmacy at the University of Iowa where he served as its first dean.</p><br>
<p>The Endee Manor Historic District encompasses a well-preserved and cohesive early 20th-century worker housing area in Bristol, Connecticut. Located on Sherman, Mills and Putnam Streets, the area was built out in a four-month period in 1916-17, and is the largest such development in the city. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Endee Manor was the largest of four significant worker housing developments built in Bristol in the 1910s. It was designed by Harold Haydon for the New Departure Manufacturing Company, a subsidiary of General Motors and one of the city&#39;s largest employers at the time. The houses in the development were constructed in a four-month period in 1916 and 1917, partly as a response to labor unrest surrounding hiring difficulties by the company (due in part to a housing shortage) that suggested it might leave the community. In contrast to many earlier worker housing initiatives, it was designed to have a park-like setting, with all of the modern conveniences. Its construction received favorable notice in the architectural press of the time as a model for this type of development.</p><br>
<p>The historic district encompasses a densely built subdivision entered from Terryville Avenue at Sherman Street, northwest of downtown Bristol. It is bounded on the east by West Cemetery and the west by railroad tracks. The development, which was completely built out by 1917, has 102 frame one and two-family houses, all in Bungalow style, that are one or two stories in height. Some of the properties also have garages, most of which were built in the following ten-year period. Most of the buildings follow one of eight different plans but are placed to avoid repetition.</p><br>
<p>The College Block Building is a historic building located in Iowa City, Iowa, United States. Completed in 1883, this is the first known architect-designed commercial building in Iowa City. It was designed by local architect Chauncey F. Lovelace, who moved his office into the building. The main facade of this two-story brick structure is capped with an ornate, bracketed, tin cornice with the words "College Block" on an ornamented crest. There are eight windows on the second floor, all with ornate window hoods. The second and third windows on both ends are coupled together under a larger hood. The main floor is occupied by commercial space, and the second floor contains apartments. Urban renewal threatened the building&#39;s existence in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>Estate Judith&#39;s Fancy, subdistrict of Saint Croix, USA Virgin Islands, 4 mi northwest of Christiansted is a former sugarcane plantation whose great house was built in 1733. Its surviving 3.6 acre property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The listing included six contributing sites.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site is significant for being the location of government headquarters during the French occupation of St. Croix during 1651–65, under the Knights of Malta&#39;s ownership, as well as for preserving remnants of typical buildings of a sugar plantation.</p><br>
<p>In 1766, the estate was known as Hemmers Plantation or Hemmersfryd. A later owner, Pieter Heyliger, who was a major landowner in the late 1800s, renamed the estate Judith’s Fancy after his daughter.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The property includes stonework ruins from a sugar factory, from a windmill which drew water, from a chimney of a later steam mill, and a small house. The factory building is T-shaped, with a two-story section being 22 x in plan. An 18.5 x wing was the boiling room. A one-story 10.67 x cookhouse with a charcoal stove is also attached.</p><br>
<p>Estate Saint George Historic District is a historic district in the Northwest subdistrict near Fredericksted in Saint Croix, USA Virgin Islands which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. The listing included eight contributing buildings, nine contributing sites, and seven contributing structures to the original sugar plantation.</p><br>
<p>The property was then owned and operated by the St. George Village Botanical Garden of St. Croix, Inc.</p><br>
<p>The Ottawa Beach Historic District is a residential historic district located on Ottawa Beach Road in Park Township, Ottawa County, Michigan near the outlet of Lake Macatawa. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ottawa Beach was developed by the West Michigan Park Association, which consisted of a number of prominent citizens of Grand Rapids, Michigan, including officers of the Chicago and West Michigan Railway. In 1885, the association purchased this tract of land, and in 1886 the land was platted into 150 cottage lots, a hotel, and a boat dock to connect with the railroad&#39;s Holland terminal, open park spaces that were to remain undeveloped, and beach resort property. The Association members selected their plats by lottery. The railroad constructed the Hotel Ottawa, and Association members gradually began constructing cottages on the lots. The first cottage was built in 1887–88, and by 1890 about twenty cottages were built.</p><br>
<p>In addition to Association members, the resort attracted summer boarders at the hotel, as well as day trippers visiting the beach itself. In 1890, the railroad extended its line directly from Holland, replacing the boat dock. The hotel proved enormously popular, and was enlarged in 1890, again in 1896, and a third time in 1901. The Chicago and West Michigan Railway eventually merged in to the Pere Marquette Railway, which continued ownership of the hotel. In the meantime, another twenty or so cottages were built in the 1890s, and a further twenty or so in the first decade of the 1900s.</p><br>
<p>The early owners of the cottages were a diverse lot, but primarily successful businessmen. These early residents included Charles M. Heald, general manager of the Chicago and West Michigan Railroad and later president of the Pere Marquette Railroad, and J. Boyd Pantlind, manager of the Morton House, one of Grand Rapids&#39; leading hostelries. It also included Melville R. Bissell, founder of the Bissell Carpet Sweeper Company, and General Lewis W. Heath, owner of a large hatter and furrier firm, and a personal friend of President James A. Garfield.</p><br>
<p>The railroad sold the hotel and resort property in 1913 to J. Boyd Pantlind. The hotel burned in 1923, and was not rebuilt. In 1925, Pantlind sold the beach resort property to the state of Michigan, which turned it into the Holland State Park. Most of the remainder of the cottages in the district were completed in the 1910s and 1920s. Several other boardinghouses and lodges were also constructed to serve the public, and a pair of grocery stores opened in the area.</p><br>
<p>Over the decades of the twentieth century, Ottawa Beach has tended to retain its historic character. Due to legal complications concerning ownership, the resort&#39;s "parks" have remained undeveloped. Many of the cottage lots lacked road access, discouraging new construction and modernization.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Ottawa Beach consists of two groupings of cottages constructed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The wooden structures are placed in rows along the slopes of Mt. Pisga, a tree-covered sandy hill. The two groupings of cottages are the "lower" cluster at the east end of the resort grounds overlooking Lake Macatawa, and the "upper" cluster at the west end overlooking Lake Michigan. Cottage lots are platted in parallel rows, fronting on pedestrian walkways. Other portions of the resort grounds are platted as a series of "parks," intended to be undeveloped grounds held in common by the residents.</p><br>
<p>Cottages at the resort are primarily summer residences, and few are winterized. They are wood-frame buildings, mostly with wood siding. Nearly all cottages have wide verandas along the front, with many having upper story portions.</p><br>
<p>The Estate Carolina Sugar Plantation near Coral Bay on Saint John, USA Virgin Islands is a historic sugar plantation and later rum distillery.</p><br>
<p>The sugar plantation for sugar cane growing and processing was in operation during the colonial Danish West Indies period.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1976. The listing included eight contributing sites on a 183 acre property.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The estate was in the 1730s owned by magistrate Johannes Sødtmann. Jis estate was the starting point of the successful 1733 slave insurrection on St. John which began on 23 November and carried almost the entire island of St. John.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The plantation&#39;s ruins include:</p><br>
<p>sugar factory — built c.1725.</p><br>
<p>animal mill — built c.1725.</p><br>
<p>stone windmill tower — built in 1733.</p><br>
<p>original distillery for bay rum production — built in c.1900</p><br>
<p>a later distillery with "1925" upon it</p><br>
<p>other Estate Carolina buildings from c.1900, 1920, and 1945.</p><br>
<p>Estate Hafensight, also known as Havensight, located south of Charlotte Amalie on Saint Thomas, USA Virgin Islands, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. It is 1 mi across Long Bay from Charlotte Amalie.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>The listing includes Havensight Great House, which is a 40 x one story site on a high basement, with a terrace. It includes a large cistern, a tenant house built on foundations of former slave quarters, a cookhouse, ruins of a bake oven, and more.</p><br>
<p>Estate Grove Place, at Grove Place in the Northwest subdistrict near Frederiksted on St. Croix, USA Virgin Islands, is a historic plantation which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>It includes ruins of a sugar factory, a tall chimney, and a wagon depot with 23 arched bays. The factory ruins include a boiling room area which is 30 x in plan. The chimney is square and tapered, rising about 80 ft from a 12 x base.</p><br>
<p>Whim is a historic sugar plantation located in Southwest subdistrict about 1.7 mi southeast of Frederiksted on Centerline Road on Saint Croix, USA Virgin Islands. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. The listing included three contributing buildings, one contributing site, and two contributing structures, on 10 acre.</p><br>
<p>The estate&#39;s Great House was built in about 1794 by Christopher Mac Evoy, Jr., is about "90 x in plan, and is unusual for its "curved ends and complex exterior articulation". The site has steam engines and other features besides original buildings.</p><br>
<p>It includes Danish neo-classicism architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Broadway Avenue Historic District is a historic commercial district in the Broadway–Slavic Village neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio, in the United States. The commercial district is the historic center of Cleveland&#39;s Czech community, and is an excellent example of a district that grew along a streetcar line. The historic district includes 43 buildings constructed between 1888 and 1930, including the Hruby Conservatory of Music and Our Lady of Lourdes Church and School. The commercial district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 19, 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Emergence of the historic district</h2><br>
<p>In 1662, Charles II of England, ignoring existing Native American claims to the area, granted to the Connecticut Colony all lands to the west between the 41st and 42nd parallels of north latitude. These rights began at the western border of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations and extended to the Pacific Ocean, although they did not include lands already ceded to the Province of New York or the Province of Pennsylvania. Unfortunately, Charles and other English monarchs had also pledged these same lands to the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Province of New York, Plymouth Colony, and the Colony of Virginia. In 1786, Connecticut ceded all its land claims to the federal government in exchange for cancellation of its American Revolutionary War debts. Connecticut retained only those lands known as the Connecticut Western Reserve, an area bounded by Lake Erie on the north, Pennsylvania on the east, and the 41st parallel of north latitude on the south. The Western Reserve extended for exactly 120 mi to the west, and came to an abrupt halt.</p><br>
<p>On August 3, 1795, the state of Connecticut sold the Western Reserve to the Connecticut Land Company for $1.2 million ($ in dollars). In 1811, Youngs L. Morgan, Sr., an emigrant from Connecticut, purchased from the Connecticut Land Company 100 acre of land around what is now the intersection of E. 55th Street and Broadway Avenues. He and his heirs continued to farm this land until 1872. Others who owned land nearby were Charles Barkwill (a brickmaker), Eliezar Cable (who founded an orchard and nursery), Samuel Dille, Sr., (whose 90 acre farm straddled the intersection of Broadway and Dille Avenue), Jabesh Gallup (who founded a nursery), Moses Jewett, and Simeon Streetor (who farmed 220 acre along Broadway).</p><br>
<p>In 1808, James Kingsbury, a local judge and former military officer, gave 50 acre of land at the intersection of Broadway and E. 55th to his son-in-law, Dyer Sherman (who had wed Kingsburys daughter, Abigail). Sherman erected a tavern there, which became well known among residents of the area. In 1827, John L. Wightman purchased 10 acre of land on the southwest side of Broadway Avenue between what is now McBride and Fowler Avenues. He erected Wightmans Tavern there, a waystation for travelers which became one of the most famous in the northeast Ohio.</p><br>
<p>In February 1849, construction began in Cleveland on the northern end of the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad. (Construction on the southern leg began in Wellsville, Ohio, in July 1847.) The line reached Hudson, Ohio, in February 1851, and Freedom (now Alliance, Ohio) on July 4, 1851. The northern leg was connected to the southern leg in 1852. Development of the railroad spurred extensive industrial activity along Broadway Avenue, which it largely paralleled until reaching Bedford, Ohio. One of the most important of these was Grasselli Chemical, founded in 1856 by Eugene Grasselli.</p><br>
<p>For a short time in the late 1850s, the Cuyahoga County Fair was held at Broadway and E. 55th before moving to a more permanent home.</p><br>
<h3>Early Czech settlements in Cleveland</h3><br>
<p>Czech people were among the earliest groups to emigrate to the United States in large numbers, with the first wave of Czech immigration occurring in the 1850s. Large numbers of Czech people settled in Chicago, Illinois, and in St. Louis, Missouri. Many Czech immigrants headed for the Midwestern United States used Cleveland as a midway stopping point, intending to move on. But large numbers of Czechs actually settled in the city, and soon Cleveland had one of the largest Czech populations in the nation.</p><br>
<p>The first Czech neighborhoods in Cleveland were on the east bank of the Cuyahoga River in an area bounded by Hill, Cross, and Commercial streets. By 1853, two more small Czech communities had been built on west bank of the Cuyahoga River south of Ohio City, in what are now the Clark-Fulton and Brooklyn Centre neighborhoods. Many Czech immigrants to Cleveland at this time had been farmers. Cleveland farmer Harvey Rice employed many Czech agricultural laborers, and allowed them to purchase farmland from him at reasonable prices. Over the years, a large Czech community grew up around the intersection of E. 37th Street and Croton Avenue north of Kingsbury Run. The first Catholic church to serve Cleveland&#39;s burgeoning Czech community was St. Wenceslas Church, constructed in 1867 at the intersection of E. 35th Street and Burwell Avenue (a block north-northwest of E. 37th and Croton).</p><br>
<p>The Croton Czech settlement remained the center of Czech life in Cleveland until the late 1870s. On January 10, 1870, John D. Rockefeller and his partners established the Standard Oil company. By March 1872, Standard Oil had absorbed nearly every other petroleum refining company in Cleveland and had a national monopoly on oil refining. At this time, refined petroleum products were still primarily delivered in wooden barrels, and Standard Oil began employing large numbers of Czech Americans as coopers (barrel makers). More and more Czech Americans and Czech immigrants settled in the Croton area due to Standard Oil&#39;s need for workers. The Warren School, an elementary school that was the first public school in the North Broadway area, was established in 1871 just north of the intersection of Warren Avenue and Dille Street. (The site is now beneath the Interstate 77-Interstate 490 interchange.)</p><br>
<h3>Creation of the Broadway district</h3><br>
<p>Four factors encouraged the growth of the Czech community south of the Croton neighborhood, and the creation of the Broadway commercial district. First, several farms south of Kingsbury Run were subdivided into smaller parcels and into housing plots beginning in 1878. This put this land into the price range of the average worker. Second, a number of new bridges were built over Kingsbury Run in the area, permitting north–south traffic. This allowed workers to move out of the over-crowded Croton area while retaining easy access to their jobs at the Standard Oil plant north of the stream. Third, the rapidly growing Standard Oil refineries, with their concomitant noise and pollution, encouraged residents to leave the Croton area for neighborhoods further away. Fourth, a new wave of Czech immigration to Cleveland began in 1870, and these new immigrants needed homes and land to live on.</p><br>
<p>The first new substantial Czech American settlement south of Kingsbury Run was at the intersection of Trumbull Avenue and E. 37th Street. This neighborhood became known in Czech as Na Vrsku (On the Hill). In 1892, St. Wenceslas Church began construction of a new church at the intersection of E. 37th Street and Broadway, a block south of Trumbull Avenue. (This structure was not completed until 1899, although services began to be held there much earlier than that). The country road that became Broadway Avenue had existed since the early part of the 1800s, and as more and more Czech Americans moved into the area, development began moving south down Broadway. Czech immigrants brought with them a cultural legacy of gardening, and most new homes in the area consisted of small cottages with front and back yard flower and kitchen gardens. New streets were constructed, many with Czech names like Praha and Svoboda. Bohemian National Hall, believed by historians to be the first structure in Cleveland erected by an immigrant group, was constructed at the intersection of Broadway and Mead Avenues in 1897. Banks, churches, and retail stores were built along Broadway Avenue, and by 1900 the intersection of E. 55th and Broadway had emerged as the center of the new Czech community—supplanting the earlier concentration of homes and businesses at Broadway and Trumbull.</p><br>
<h2>History of the Broadway Historic District</h2><br>
<p>Known as Žižkov, the commercial district on Broadway Avenue began at E. 37th Street and ended at Union Avenue.</p><br>
<h3>Growth: 1870 to 1900</h3><br>
<p>In the 1870s, there were three major developments in the area. The first was the construction in 1872 of Broadway Methodist Church at 5246 Broadway. By 1920, it was the largest non-Catholic Czech church in Cleveland, and one of the richest. A wealthy member paid several artists to travel to Italy in 1957 to measure and study the Leonardo da Vinci&#39;s The Last Supper and paint a life-size copy over the altar at Broadway Methodist. (The replica remains the largest and most accurate Last Supper in the United States.) The burgeoning community received its first public school in 1875 when the city erected South School (later renamed Barkwill School) on the northwest corner of Dolloff Road and Barkwill Avenue, a block southwest of Broadway. The southern edge of the district became defined in March 1880 when Joseph Turner & Sons Manufacturing Company opened its first woolen mill on the southwest corner of Blanche Avenue and Broadway.</p><br>
<p>The 1880s saw the area receive its first law enforcement presence, when Police Station No. 4 was built in 1883 at 3355 E. 55th Street. Other retail businesses on E. 55th just north of the police station were Janousecks millinery shop, Eyerdams barber shop, Kumlers carriage shop, Yosts livery stable, and several funeral homes catering specifically to the Czech community. Five major new developments also occurred in the 1880s. The first of these was the erection in 1883 of the areas second public school, the Fowler School, on the southeast corner of Fowler Avenue and Hector Street (a block northeast of Broadway). The second development was the establishment of Broadway Bank in 1883. Founded by Oliver Meade Stafford and Charles Grasselli (owner of nearby Grasselli Chemicals), it was one of first suburban banks in the United States and the first suburban bank in Cleveland. Its headquarters were at 5455 Broadway Avenue, facing the intersection of Broadway and E. 55th. Later known as the Broadway Savings and Trust Company, the bank became one of the strongest in city, largely due to Czech American business. The third major development was the erection in 1884 of St. Alexis Hospital at 5163 Broadway Avenue. Only the second Catholic hospital in Cleveland, it initially occupied an eight-room brick house. Construction began on a 32-bed acute-care hospital in 1885. The worlds first human-to-human blood transfusion occurred at St. Alexis in 1906. The fourth development was the incorporation in December 1886 of the Canfield Oil Company. This new refinery was erected in 1887 on the northeast corner of the intersection of Lufkin Avenue and E. 55th Street. The last development of the decade occurred in 1889, when St. Johannes Evangelical Lutheran Church was built on Cable Avenue a half block northeast of Broadway.</p><br>
<p>The 1890s saw the erection of Our Lady of Lourdes Church, one of the most prominent structures in the neighborhood. The swiftly-growing Czech American community south of St. Wenceslas moved the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland to establish a new parish to serve the middle-Broadway area. In 1882, the diocese authorized Rev. Anton Hynek to purchase property at E. 55th and Hamm Avenue for the new parish. Bishop Richard Gilmour recruited Czech seminarian Stephen Furdek to minister to the new parish. While on his way to the United States, Furdek visited the Our Lady of Lourdes Shrine near the town of Lourdes in France. Furdek promised the Virgin Mary to name the new parish after Our Lady of Lourdes. Although the parish was formally established in 1883, construction of the Gothic Revival church, designed by architects Emile Ulrich and Bernard Van De Velde, did not begin until 1891. Our Lady of Lourdes Church became a central institution in the community. Under Furdeks pastoral care, it grew to more than 6,000 parishioners by 1920. It sponsored more than 45 different chapters, groups, societies and other associated membership organizations, including book groups, a musical drama society, a hunters and fishers&#39; group, a forestry association, a gymnastics club, and an organization designed to encourage youth to join the military. Our Lady of Lourdes School (which taught first through sixth grades) was founded adjacent to the church in 1905, and staffed by the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur. Between 1915 and 1955, a convent, gymnasium, and rectory were all added to the Lourdes campus. Instruction in grades seven through nine was added in 1939, and a high school in 1944.</p><br>
<p>Other major developments in the 1890s included the establishment of Columbia Savings and Loan (located at E. 55th and Broadway) in 1891, the initiation of streetcar service along Broadway to Union Avenue in 1893, the founding of Vcela Savings and Loan in March 1896 at 5733 Broadway, and the first publication of the American, a daily Czech-language newspaper, in 1899 at its headquarters at 5377 Broadway. In time, the American became one of the three largest non-English-language newspapers in the city.</p><br>
<h3>Acme of the district: 1900 to 1930</h3><br>
<p>The first two decades of the 20th century mark the high point of the Broadway Historic District&#39;s existence. A third wave of Czech immigration to Cleveland began in 1900, drawn by the growing steel industry in the city. These immigrants were remarkably well-educated, with a literacy rate of 98.5 percent (greater than that of most other Americans). The accommodate strong community demand, the Cleveland Public Library established the Broadway Branch Library in 1902 at 5437 Broadway Avenue. The building was a unique structure with 10 sides, and as of 2009 was one of the few 10-sided buildings still standing in the United States.</p><br>
<p>By 1910, Cleveland had the largest Czech community in the United States. The Žižkov community was so large and economically and politically powerful that a city newspaper quipped, "There is no truth in the rumor that the capital of the Czechoslovak Republic will be removed from Prague to the neighborhood of Broadway and E. 55th streets, Cleveland."</p><br>
<p>On April 14, 1912, the Olympia Theatre opened at 3335 E. 55th Street. Designed by architect George Allen Grieble, the 2,000-seat theater occupied 200 ft of E. 55th Street and 250 ft of Hamlet Avenue. It featured a $10,000 ($ in dollars) Moller pipe organ, interior design by Sterling & Welch, and a luxurious theater curtain and drapes by The May Co. A mixed-use development, the building featured room on the first floor for eight retail stores, and 30 apartments on the second and third floors.</p><br>
<p>The second wave of Czech immigration ended in 1914 with the outbreak of World War I. The Broadway area continued to grow for a time, however, and by 1920 the two blocks north and south of Broadway and E. 55th boasted six banks. Among the new banks founded during the 1910s was the Atlas Savings and Loan, founded in 1915. Located at 5454 Broadway Avenue, this bank proved to be the fastest-growing of the new financial institutions. The bank later funded construction of the Atlas Building at 5644 Broadway, which served as its home until 1921. The Atlas Building served as the headquarters of the Progress Savings and Loan from 1921 to 1939, and from 1939 to 1960 as the headquarters of the Czech Catholic Union. Another bank founded at this time was the Oul Building and Loan company at 5638 Broadway which was incorporated in December 1915.</p><br>
<p>Probulov Hall, a Czech community meeting place at 5284 Broadway, was constructed in 1915. On October 22, 1915, Czechs and Slovaks signed the Cleveland Agreement at Bohemian National Hall. The agreement called for a federal Czech and Slovak state, and this led to the Pittsburgh Agreement of 1918. The Pittsburgh Agreement led directly to the formation of an independent Czechoslovakia after World War I.</p><br>
<p>Some of the last major institutions in the Broadway Historic District were founded in the early 1920s. These included Bethlehem Chapel, a Congregational church which opened in 1921 at the intersection of Broadway and Fowler Avenues, and Tate Field. Tate Field was an athletic field created in February 1921 to serve as the home field of the Cleveland Tate Stars, a Negro National League professional baseball league. The team folded in 1924, and the field was renamed Hooper Field (also referred to as Slavia Hooper Field). On September 26, 1926, more than 6,000 people watched Sparta, a professional soccer team from Prague, defeat the Ohio All-Stars 6-to-2 at Hooper Field.</p><br>
<p>At the close of the 1920s, the Broadway commercial district was home to numerous bakeries, banks, businesses, and music stores. It was the largest shopping district out of Cleveland&#39;s downtown, and with 90,000 residents in the area North Broadway was the second-largest Czech community in the United States (only Chicago was larger). The Czech and other Slavic communities in the area had had a "profound effect on the development of Cleveland".</p><br>
<h3>Decline: 1930s to 2000s</h3><br>
<p>The Great Depression bankrupted many of the banks and merchants in the Broadway retail corridor, but the street managed to remain an important shopping area into the 1940s. Hooper Field closed in 1936. One bright spot was the founding of Third Federal Savings and Loan in 1938. Its conservative lending policies allowed it to survive the Great Depression, and by the 21st century it had grown into an $11 billion corporation.</p><br>
<p>The area went into a long decline after World War II. But from 1945 to 1970, the Cleveland area shed most of is heavy industry, and the loss of industrial jobs hit the North Broadway neighborhood particularly hard. Cleveland also suffered significantly from a strong trend toward suburbanization, and by 1970 the Broadway district had lost 36 percent of its population. Redlining in lending caused further economic harm, as banks denied loans to retailers and individuals in the poverty-stricken area.</p><br>
<p>Pollution also proved to be a significant problem in the area. By 1920, North Broadway had become wedged between the giant steel factories of Jones and Laughlin Steel and Republic Steel. Heavy smoke and fumes did significant environmental damage to the area, destroying gardens and trees. No action was taken during the Great Depression to mitigate this pollution, as the city valued what few jobs the steel mills could provide over quality of life issues. Environmental concerns became more prominent in the 1950s, but city leaders believed that a laissez-faire approach to regulation was essential to the city&#39;s continued growth. The heavy pollution drove many residents out of the area.</p><br>
<p>Highway construction also created significant problems for the retail district. In 1955, federal, state, and regional highway planners proposed construction of an interstate highway across the southern part of Cleveland. Known primarily as the Clark Freeway, the six-lane limited-access freeway would begin West Boulevard in the Cudell neighborhood; cut across the Detroit-Shoreway, Ohio City, and Tremont neighborhoods; bridge Industrial Valley and the Cuyahoga River; and then cut across the North Broadway, Kinsman, Woodland Hills, and Buckeye-Shaker neighborhoods before exiting the city and connecting with Lee Road in the adjacent suburb of Cleveland Heights. A second interstate highway, the Willow Freeway, would begin near Lake Erie at the Cleveland Memorial Shoreway, largely follow the border between Downtown Cleveland/Goodrich–Kirtland Park and Industrial Valley/North Broadway, and cut across South Broadway before exiting the city and cutting through the towns of Newburgh Heights and Cuyahoga Heights to connect with a new "outer belt" east-west freeway in northern Independence, Ohio. A total of 465 homes, churches, and businesses were demolished between Broadway/E. 37th Street and Broadway/Gallup Avenue, including St. Wenceslas Church (which closed in 1962). Construction began in April 1964, and the north-south I-77 portion of the interchange completed in November 1965. The eastern portion of the interchange, I-490 connecting E. 55th Street with I-77, opened about July 31, 1966. But the bridge over Industrial Valley connecting the interchange to Interstate 90 was not opened until September 1990. Strong opposition to the extension of I-490 past E. 55th Street resulted in the cancellation of the route.</p><br>
<p>Our Lady of Lourdes High School closed in the fall of 1969 and merged with Cleveland Central Catholic High School.</p><br>
<p>The Broadway retail corridor&#39;s decline worsened in the 1970s and 1980s. By 1990, just 8,852 people lived in North Broadway, a nearly 45 percent decline in 20 years. In the 1970s, the term "Slavic Village" was coined to promote the area. Slavic Village encompass the neighborhood of North Broadway and Union-Miles Park as well as portions of Kinsman and South Broadway. These areas were all Eastern European ethnic neighborhoods in steep decline.</p><br>
<p>The Olympia Theatre closed on March 4, 1981, after a short-lived attempt to survive as an adult movie theater. Efforts to redevelop the building began in 1983, but it was not until 1987 that the new owners received property tax credits which enabled the renovation to move forward. While the apartments and retail space were refurbished, the theater itself was razed for parking (although the lobby was saved).</p><br>
<h3>Great Recession: 2000 to present</h3><br>
<p>The Broadway retail district began to under a slight renaissance in the 1990s. This was primarily due to the work of Slavic Village Development, a community development corporation founded in 1980.</p><br>
<p>St. Alexis was one of the largest positive economic drivers of the retail district. Over the past century, the hospital had added a nursing school (1918), medical building (1955), and service wing with an emergency room, maternity ward, and radiology department (1959). But the hospital was in financial difficulty by the late 1980s. In June 1994, for-profit, Pennsylvania-based Primary Health Systems (PHS) purchased the hospital and renamed it St. Michael Hospital. PHS went bankrupt in 1999, With the hospital about to close, University Hospitals of Cleveland purchased St. Michael&#39;s and another PHS hospital in Cleveland for $12 million in May 2000. But losses at the hospital continued, and it finally closed for good on December 19, 2003. The city of Cleveland purchased the hospital campus</p><br>
<p>and razed all the buildings there in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Improvements in the area led to a real estate bubble. Between 2005 and 2006, 68 percent of all loans made in the Slavic Village area were predatory.</p><br>
<p>The widespread predatory lending and sweeping extent of foreclosures in Slavic Village led the mass media to declare the area the "epicenter of the Great Recession". Spurred by the financial crisis, Slavic Village lost 30 percent of its population over the next decade.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, Broadway United Methodist closed. The North Broadway neighborhood&#39;s population had dropped to 9,000 residents. The population would have dropped to almost 6,000 but for the influx of about 3,000 African Americans, drawn to the area by the exceptionally inexpensive housing made available by the foreclosure crisis. Once overwhelmingly white, North Broadway was by 2010 50 percent white and 40 percent black, and an extraordinary 38 percent of its residents had incomes below the poverty line.</p><br>
<p>Despite the challenges facing the area, the heart of the Czech community in Cleveland remained centered on E. 55th Street and Broadway Avenue into the 21st century, and had by one historian&#39;s account become "famous".</p><br>
<h2>About the historic district</h2><br>
<p>The Broadway Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 19, 1988. It consists of two primary streets: Broadway Avenue between Cable Avenue and Barkwill Avenue, and E. 55th Street between Lufkin Avenue and Broadway Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The historic district contains 43 commercial buildings constructed between 1888 and 1930, Our Lady of Lourdes Church, and Our Lady of Lourdes School. Architectural styles represented include Early Commercial, Italianate, Neoclassical, Queen Anne, Renaissance Revival, and Jacobean Revival.</p><br>
<p>Broadway Branch, Cleveland Public Library (1902; Neoclassical; Charles Morris, architect)</p><br>
<p>Federman Building (1907; style not known; Joseph Linck, architect)</p><br>
<p>Hruby Conservatory of Music (1912; Jacobean Revival; Steffens & Steffens, architects)</p><br>
<p>Melzer Building (1909; style not known; J.W. Hradek, architect)</p><br>
<p>Olympia Theatre (1912; style not known; George Allen Grieble, architect)</p><br>
<p>Our Lady of Lourdes Church (1891; Gothic Revival; Emile Ulrich and Bernard Van De Velde, architects)</p><br>
<p>Our Lady of Lourdes School (1906; Renaissance Revival; Emile Ulrich and William Jansen, architects)</p><br>
<p>Zverina Block (1889; Eastlake movement of the Queen Anne Style; Andrew Mitermiler, architect)</p><br>
<p>The Broadway Historic District was named a Cleveland Landmark in November 1990. The district is part of Cleveland&#39;s Broadway-Slavic Village Statistical Planning Area. Broadway Avenue forms the center of this planning area.</p><br>
<p>St. Johns Episcopal Church, historically known as St. Johns Anglican Church, is a church in Christiansted, Virgin Islands. Although most of the current building dates to 1868, a church has been located on the site since the 18th century. It and its adjacent graveyard were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<p>Restoration efforts were continuing in 2017.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Establishment and early history</h3><br>
<p>The land that would become St. John&#39;s Anglican Church was purchased in 1752 by the Church of England, who wanted to establish a presence on Saint Croix. Although the island was then part of the Danish West Indies, there was a large, growing population of English, Irish, and Scots inhabitants. This was the first permanent parish successfully established by the Church of England on Saint Croix</p><br>
<p>Between 1765 and 1773, United States Founding Father Alexander Hamilton and his family attended worship services here intermittently, as their residence was located nearby. St. Johns has been damaged or destroyed several times since its initial construction. The first of these was on August 31, 1772, when a hurricane destroyed the wooden church structure entirely. Hamilton would later publish a recount of the hurricanes devastation in the Royal Danish American Gazette; it was this account that gained him enough recognition to enable him to enter high society and fund his education in the United States. The new church was crafted from sturdier Bermudan sandstone and was completed in 1779; this larger building could now seat 500 worshippers. Records exist of the establishment of a "poor-school" prior to 1796 and a poorhouse in 1810.</p><br>
<p>The African diaspora made up a large part of St. John&#39;s congregation, and Black residents―both free and enslaved―worshipped alongside white residents. However, worship services were segregated; Black worshippers had an allocated spot apart from their white counterparts and were unable to sit in the pews. In 1794, free Black parishioners petitioned the church to be able to rent pews; this was approved by the vestry in 1797. Their allocated section was in "the North part of the gallery and the double pew under the same". However, their presence caused contention and pushback from white parishioners, and in 1810 the decision was reversed, barring Black worshippers from occupying any pew. They were also disallowed from providing their own chairs; only a section of moveable chairs in the middle aisle was made available. The gallery was reallocated to be used by the military garrisons present on the island. Still, Black Crucians continued to worship and gather here. Until the abolition of slavery in 1848, separate burial, marriage, and baptism registers were kept for enslaved and free worshippers. An account from the 1830s notes that Black attendees now had an allocated spot to worship but were still made to enter the church through a separate entrance from their white counterparts. By the 1910s, however, no such segregation inside the church existed.</p><br>
<p>In 1824, the church was transferred from the Bishop of London to the Bishop of Barbados; and in 1842, it was transferred again to the new Bishop of Antigua. The abolition of slavery in 1848 introduced a wave of new parishioners, and renovations were soon underway to expand the church. The expansion was carried out over a period of about 10 years and heavily altered the exterior of the church in the English Gothic Revival architectural style, influenced by the Oxford Movement that was gaining traction across Englands sphere of influence. A Sunday school building located on the grounds nearby was one of the first new structures to be added during this period; this building survives today. Stained-glass windows were imported from New York City and installed on Palm Sunday 1854. A bell tower was also added to the churchs west façade in 1858; it housed a bell weighing that was inscribed with "Meneelys West Troy, N.Y. / Presented to St. John&#39;s Church, Santa Cruz, W.I. / by Charles Lucas Esq. Planter, A.D. 1857. /Rev.Fletcher J. Hawley/ Rector.". Both the bell and the stained-glass windows are the largest of their kind anywhere in the Virgin Islands. On October 29, 1854, the church was consecrated by Rev. Daniel Gateward Davis, then Bishop of Antigua. Over this period of reconstruction, the church flourished and membership jumped from 300 to 1500 worshippers; and by this time, the majority of attendees were Black Crucians.</p><br>
<h3>1866 fire and reconstruction</h3><br>
<p>The reconstruction, however, was short-lived. On February 5, 1866, a fire—now called the Sunday Market Fire—caused by a burst lamp in a rum store on Market Street swept through Saint Croix. The church and schoolhouse were entirely destroyed; only the walls survived. Repairs were quickly underway and were completed by 1868. In the meantime, the congregation met at other local churches that had been spared during the fire. The new church was constructed of limestone and brick and followed the architectural style of its most recent incarnation. The church bell, also damaged, had to be recast in 1867. The stained-glass windows are believed to be exact duplicates from the same company in New York. The new pews were made of polished mahogany and the roof had supports made of Southern pine. From the period following the restoration and fire, St. Johns struggled financially, and local leadership was critical of the churchs neglect of the Caribbean. Financial depressions in the late 1800s and the 1930s did not spare Saint Croix, let alone the church; neither did tense local race relations and the 1878 St. Croix labor riot. Although the church was physically unscathed, it continued to accumulate debt. Poverty increased and St. Johns was afforded little in way of relief. Additionally, emigration en masse to the United States caused Saint Croixs population to dwindle from 32,000 in 1803 to just 14,700 by 1917; so too did the congregation&#39;s membership suffer. In 1917, membership was about 2,000 worshippers.</p><br>
<p>The sale of the Danish West Indies to the United States in 1917 brought with it a host of cultural and jurisdictional changes to the parish. In 1919, the jurisdiction of St. Johns was transferred from the Church of England to the Domestic and Foreign Mission Society of the Protestant Episcopal Church—at which time the church was renamed to St. Johns Episcopal Church. It was at this time placed in the care of the Bishop of the Missionary Diocese of Puerto Rico; this became the Missionary Diocese of the Virgin Islands in 1963. Still, St. Johns continued to suffer from low financial support and declining membership; by 1940, 700 members remained, less than half of what it had been 20 years prior. These hardships did not let up until the 1960s, when new government mandates restructured the Virgin Islands economy. A major shift from sugar cane production to industry and tourism occurred.</p><br>
<p>On October 4, 2016, St. John&#39;s Episcopal Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its rich multicultural heritage, architectural significance, and its association with Alexander Hamilton.</p><br>
<h2>Graveyard and burials</h2><br>
<p>The earliest known burial in the graveyard adjacent to the church was in 1760. However, when the church was expanded in the early 1800s, the old gravestones were moved to the church&#39;s nave; the burials were not moved and still lie under the current-day transepts. Gravestones of parishioners who had no living relatives to claim them were also moved. Many of the relocated gravestones, particularly those of significant parishioners, have been set into the floor of the church. The remains of a previous reverend, Rev. William Josephus Bulkley, were interred under the altar upon his death in 1830; he is the only known person to have been intentionally buried inside the church.</p><br>
<p>Tutu Plantation House in the Tutu subdistrict of St. Thomas, USA Virgin Islands, was built in 1813. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. The listing included two contributing buildings and equipment for processing sugar.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed significant as one of few plantation greathouses surviving on St. Thomas. It is a two-story 40 x building with a hipped roof. Its interior has Greek Revival trim dating from 20 to 30 years after the house&#39;s construction, which was perhaps in about 1803.</p><br>
<p>The word tutu, in Danish, means a trumpet-like conch shell which was used to call the slaves to work.</p><br>
<p>The Mafolie Great House, in Mafolie in the Northside subdistrict north of Charlotte Amalie in St. Thomas, USA Virgin Islands, was built in 1795. The estate was originally part of Estate Catherineberg sugar plantation, but was sold to Captain Sonderburg in 1962. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The listing included three contributing buildings and a contributing structure.</p><br>
<p>The name means "My folly" in French. The larger house is unusual in being composed of two parallel one-story structures joined by a roof.</p><br>
<p>The house was headquarters of a Brazilian astronomical expedition in 1882 which studied a transit of Venus. The area has been said to have "an excellent panoramic view".</p><br>
<p>The Estate Brewers Bay, located near the University of the Virgin Islands and John Brewers Bay Beach about 2 mi west of Charlotte Amalie on Saint Thomas, USA Virgin Islands, is a historic sugar plantation which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Surviving on the site, at least as of 1977, are the ruins of a sugar factory, later adapted as a residence, and of an animal-powered mill.</p><br>
<p>The first records of ownership are in 1855; it appeared on a map in 1856.</p><br>
<p>The Enfield Historic District encompasses a two-mile stretch of Enfield Street, the main north-south road of Enfield, Connecticut. Centered on the town common with its church and old town hall, it includes a diversity of residential architecture from the 18th to early 20th centuries. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Enfield was settled in the 17th century and incorporated in 1683. Enfield Street, now designated United States Route 5, has from an early date been the principal north-south route just east of the Connecticut River, set on a ridge above its flood plain. Lots were laid out as strips of land from the road to the river, with houses located near the road and the rest used for agriculture. This land use pattern persisted into the 20th century, generally avoiding commercial development. The result is a landscape of primarily residential architecture extending across three centuries, with central cluster of civic buildings.</p><br>
<p>The historic district is essentially linear, running along Enfield Street for 2 mi from Connecticut Route 190 in the north to the junction of Old King Street and Oliver Road in the south. Residential architecture predominates in the district, with wood frame houses 1-1/2 to 2-1/2 stories in height. Stylistically they are diverse, although layout and spatial arrangement are fairly consistent. The most elaborate house is that of Orrin Thompson, at the southeast corner of Enfield Street and South Road; it is a large brick Greek Revival house built in 1832 for the founder of Enfields carpet-making businesses. It overlooks the towns 17th-century parade ground, near which also stand the 1848 Congregational Church, and the former town hall, both of which are also in the Greek Revival.</p><br>
<p>The I.W.P. Buchanan House is a historic house in Lebanon, Tennessee, United States. It was built circa 1894 for Isaac William Pleasant Buchanan, whose father, Dr. Andrew H. Buchanan, was the chair of the Department of Mathematics at Cumberland University. Buchanan himself taught Mathematics at Lincoln College in Illinois and co-founded the Castle Heights Military Academy in Lebanon, where he also taught Mathematics.</p><br>
<p>The Warner Price Mumford Smith House, also known as Old Home Place, is a historic two-story cedar-plank I-house with a Greek Revival portico in Mount Juliet, Tennessee, USA The land was granted to Private Charles Webb; the house later belonged to John Bell Vivrett.</p><br>
<p>The anarchist publisher Ross Winn was married to Augusta "Gussie" Smith, and the two lived together in this house from 1900 until Winns death from tuberculosis in 1912. During this time he published the newspaper Winns Firebrand, and later The Advance, from this house.</p><br>
<p>The Fischer House is a historic mansion located along Harding Street in Lake Providence in East Carroll Parish, Louisiana.</p><br>
<p>It was built in c.1905 by lumber company owner Joseph L. Fischer. The house is notable architecturally for its open floor plan, preceding the Modernist movement by decades. Its main living area features dark wood wainscoting and a massive fireplace. It has galleries on at least two sides, 60 ft and 70 ft long. The house was owned by the Pittman family during 1920-29 and 1938–68. It was purchased by the Lake Providence American Legion in 1929. The house served as a social center for the Lake Providence community, both as used by the Fischers and by the American Legionnaires. Its lake front became a public swim area with a pier for public fishing.</p><br>
<p>The house was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 11, 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Fite-Fessenden House is a historic house in Lebanon, Tennessee, USA. It is now home to the Wilson County Museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction on the house began in 1852. It was built for Dr James Leonidas Fite, a surgeon who went on to serve in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. After the war, his daughter Margaret Harsh founded a private all-girl school in the house known as the Alberta School.</p><br>
<p>In 1921, the house was purchased by Mr Fessenden, the owner of the Fessenden Coal Company.</p><br>
<p>The house has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since July 5, 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Capitol North Historic District in Cheyenne, Wyoming is a 20.4 acre historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The district is roughly bounded by E. 29th, and E. 25th St., Warren and Pioneer Avenues. It included 112 contributing buildings, a contributing structure, and two contributing objects when first listed.</p><br>
<p>Located near to the Wyoming State Capitol and other state buildings, it includes mostly frame construction cottages built for the middle to upper class market. It includes numerous houses where governors, judges, and other professionals have lived, including for example the Governor Leslie Miller Home on the 200 block of W. 26th St. Included in the southwest corner of the district is Gilchrist Park.</p><br>
<p>The Baxter Ranch Headquarters Buildings, at 912-922 E. 18th St. and 1810-1920 Morrie Avenue in Cheyenne, Wyoming, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>According to the NRHP nomination:</p><br>
<p>The cabin and barn were once part of the George W. Baxter Ranch headquarters which was located in the Hillsdale area about twenty miles east of Cheyenne. The two structures, built about 1885, were moved to Cheyenne approximately in 1904, and the log cabin was converted into a two-story, four-unit apartment building while the log barn became a two-story duplex. To move the structures was a major undertaking. They were dismantled log by log, and each log was numbered and replaced in its exact, original position. Spaces between the logs were packed with oakum, and the logs and oakum remain in excellent condition. Sewer and water lines were installed in 1904, sidewalks were finished in 1910, and paving on Eighteenth Street was apparently completed by 1924. The log cabin, described in local newspaper articles as a "palatial rustic mansion" represents a very late example of rustic architecture and construction. Moreover, the structure reflects some French Colonial influence, a style which came to the Mississippi Valley from Canada and the West Indies. High-hipped roofs with projecting gables are characteristic of the style, as well as the surrounding galleries, or piazzas, which were hot-climate additions. Dimensions of the cabin, including 1904 clapboard additions containing kitchens, baths and extra bedrooms, are approximately 81 feet by 58 feet. The logs used in its construction, each nine inches in diameter, were laid in alternating tiers and carefully cut and fitted into lock-notch cornerings. Faint traces of paint indicate that at one time the logs, shipped from the Pacific Coast by the Baxters, were brown in color.</p><br>
<p>The Cheyenne High School at 2810 House Avenue in Cheyenne, Wyoming is a Late Gothic Revival-style building which was built in 1921. It has also been known as Central High School and as Laramie County School District No.1 Administration Building and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>It is a three-story Collegiate Gothic style building which is 250 x in plan. Its walls are reinforced concrete with brick faces. It was designed by architect William Dubois and built by contractor John W. Howard.</p><br>
<p>The school district served was eventually split up. See Cheyenne Central High School, Cheyenne East High School, and Cheyenne South High School</p><br>
<p>Wyoming Fuel Company, an Early Commercial-style warehouse at 720 W. 18th St. in Cheyenne, Wyoming, was built in 1929, with an addition added in 1937. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>It was designed by William Dubois. It is a two-story, flat-roofed brick masonry building whose 1929 portion is 53 x in plan; the northern addition is 53 x; it gives the appearance of a single unified building although the two parts do not communicate.</p><br>
<p>Cheyenne South Side Historic District is a 107.4 acre historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. It is roughly bounded by Warren Avenue, Russell Avenue, E. Tenth Street, and E. Fifth Street. The listing included 393 contributing buildings and 175 non-contributing ones.</p><br>
<p>It is a residential area next to Union Pacific Railway yards on the south side of Cheyenne, separated by the railroad tracks from Cheyenne&#39;s original downtown and residential areas.</p><br>
<p>Lemuel F. Vibber House is a historic home located east of the Village of Richfield Springs, New York by Federal Corners, New York. It was built ca. 1810 by Lemuel F. Vibber. The main block of the Vibber House is a side-gabled, two-story, five-bay building on a high stone foundation enclosing a full-height basement built in the Federal style.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<p>Economy Advertising Company is a historic building located in Iowa City, Iowa, United States. It is important due to its association with John Towner Frederick, and the journal he founded and edited, The Midland. This was a literary magazine that focused on regional literature from the Midwest. It featured writers whose work was not being accepted by literary journals in the eastern USA that dominated national literary circles. While The Midland had several offices during its run from 1915 to 1934, Economy Advertising Company typeset, printed and bound every edition of the journal. They also provided financial support. Frederick had worked here as an apprentice when he was a student at the University of Iowa. He went on to become the first educator to organize and teach a course in American literature when he taught at the University of Iowa. Together with Frank Luther Mott, who was sometimes a co-editor of the journal, he organized the Saturday Luncheon Club, a literary forum that was a forerunner of the Iowa Writer&#39;s Workshop. When Frederick took a position at Northwestern University, the magazine relocated to Chicago. The Midland was never financially self-sufficient, and Frederick took on its deficits himself. Financial factors finally doomed it in 1933.</p><br>
<p>Economy Advertising was founded around 1896 by Samuel W. Mercer. He had this two-story brick building constructed in 1923. In addition to The Midland, Economy published hard back books under the "Clio Press" imprint, and for several years printed the State Historical Society of Iowas journal, The Palimpsest. They also published literary works edited by Mott that included Grant Woods Revolt Against the City. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Big Horn Hotel, on Main St. in Arminto, Wyoming, was built in 1906. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was built in 1906 in Wolton, Wyoming, and was moved to Arminto in 1913 when the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (later Burlington Northern) came through Arminto.</p><br>
<p>It was moved by 30 teams of horses and mules according to some reports, or by 16 horses according to another.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was destroyed by fire on February 17, 1985.</p><br>
<p>Research materials about the hotel were archived at the University of Wyoming in Laramie.</p><br>
<p>The Casper Fire Department Station No. 1, also known as Casper Municipal Garage and Fire Station, was built in 1921. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>It was designed by Casper architects Garbutt, Weidner and Sweeney in Late Gothic Revival style. It is a two-story 42 x brick building with decorative terra cotta manufactured by the Denver Terra Cotta Company.</p><br>
